(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[88],{418:function(s,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var n=a(3),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var s=this,t=s._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":s.$parent.slotKey}},[t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("说明：本章内容为博主在原教程基础上添加自己的学习笔记，来源"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"http://es6.ruanyifeng.com/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("http://es6.ruanyifeng.com/"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v("，教程版权归原作者所有。")])]),s._v(" "),t("h1",{attrs:{id:"ecmascript-6-简介"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ecmascript-6-简介"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" ECMAScript 6 简介")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("ECMAScript 6.0（以下简称 ES6）是 JavaScript 语言的下一代标准，已经在 2015 年 6 月正式发布了。它的目标，是使得 JavaScript 语言可以用来编写复杂的大型应用程序，成为企业级开发语言。\n")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"ecmascript-和-javascript-的关系"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ecmascript-和-javascript-的关系"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" ECMAScript 和 JavaScript 的关系")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一个常见的问题是，ECMAScript 和 JavaScript 到底是什么关系？")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("要讲清楚这个问题，需要回顾历史。1996 年 11 月，JavaScript 的创造者 Netscape 公司，决定将 JavaScript 提交给标准化组织 ECMA，希望这种语言能够成为国际标准。次年，ECMA 发布 262 号标准文件（ECMA-262）的第一版，规定了浏览器脚本语言的标准，并将这种语言称为 ECMAScript，这个版本就是 1.0 版。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("该标准从一开始就是针对 JavaScript 语言制定的，但是之所以不叫 JavaScript，有两个原因。一是商标，Java 是 Sun 公司的商标，根据授权协议，只有 Netscape 公司可以合法地使用 JavaScript 这个名字，且 JavaScript 本身也已经被 Netscape 公司注册为商标。二是想体现这门语言的制定者是 ECMA，不是 Netscape，这样有利于保证这门语言的开放性和中立性。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("因此，ECMAScript 和 JavaScript 的关系是，前者是后者的规格，后者是前者的一种实现（另外的 ECMAScript 方言还有 JScript 和 ActionScript）。日常场合，这两个词是可以互换的。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"es6-与-ecmascript-2015-的关系"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#es6-与-ecmascript-2015-的关系"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" ES6 与 ECMAScript 2015 的关系")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("ECMAScript 2015（简称 ES2015）这个词，也是经常可以看到的。它与 ES6 是什么关系呢？")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2011 年，ECMAScript 5.1 版发布后，就开始制定 6.0 版了。因此，ES6 这个词的原意，就是指 JavaScript 语言的下一个版本。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("但是，因为这个版本引入的语法功能太多，而且制定过程当中，还有很多组织和个人不断提交新功能。事情很快就变得清楚了，不可能在一个版本里面包括所有将要引入的功能。常规的做法是先发布 6.0 版，过一段时间再发 6.1 版，然后是 6.2 版、6.3 版等等。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("但是，标准的制定者不想这样做。他们想让标准的升级成为常规流程：任何人在任何时候，都可以向标准委员会提交新语法的提案，然后标准委员会每个月开一次会，评估这些提案是否可以接受，需要哪些改进。如果经过多次会议以后，一个提案足够成熟了，就可以正式进入标准了。这就是说，标准的版本升级成为了一个不断滚动的流程，每个月都会有变动。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("标准委员会最终决定，标准在每年的 6 月份正式发布一次，作为当年的正式版本。接下来的时间，就在这个版本的基础上做改动，直到下一年的 6 月份，草案就自然变成了新一年的版本。这样一来，就不需要以前的版本号了，只要用年份标记就可以了。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("ES6 的第一个版本，就这样在 2015 年 6 月发布了，正式名称就是《ECMAScript 2015 标准》（简称 ES2015）。2016 年 6 月，小幅修订的《ECMAScript 2016 标准》（简称 ES2016）如期发布，这个版本可以看作是 ES6.1 版，因为两者的差异非常小（只新增了数组实例的"),t("code",[s._v("includes")]),s._v("方法和指数运算符），基本上是同一个标准。根据计划，2017 年 6 月发布 ES2017 标准。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("因此，ES6 既是一个历史名词，也是一个泛指，含义是 5.1 版以后的 JavaScript 的下一代标准，涵盖了 ES2015、ES2016、ES2017 等等，而 ES2015 则是正式名称，特指该年发布的正式版本的语言标准。本书中提到 ES6 的地方，一般是指 ES2015 标准，但有时也是泛指“下一代 JavaScript 语言”。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"语法提案的批准流程"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#语法提案的批准流程"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 语法提案的批准流程")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("任何人都可以向标准委员会（又称 TC39 委员会）提案，要求修改语言标准。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一种新的语法从提案到变成正式标准，需要经历五个阶段。每个阶段的变动都需要由 TC39 委员会批准。")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("Stage 0 - Strawman（展示阶段）")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Stage 1 - Proposal（征求意见阶段）")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Stage 2 - Draft（草案阶段）")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Stage 3 - Candidate（候选人阶段）")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Stage 4 - Finished（定案阶段）")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一个提案只要能进入 Stage 2，就差不多肯定会包括在以后的正式标准里面。ECMAScript 当前的所有提案，可以在 TC39 的官方网站"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/tc39/ecma262",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("GitHub.com/tc39/ecma262"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v("查看。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("本书的写作目标之一，是跟踪 ECMAScript 语言的最新进展，介绍 5.1 版本以后所有的新语法。对于那些明确或很有希望，将要列入标准的新语法，都将予以介绍。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"ecmascript-的历史"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ecmascript-的历史"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" ECMAScript 的历史")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("ES6 从开始制定到最后发布，整整用了 15 年。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("前面提到，ECMAScript 1.0 是 1997 年发布的，接下来的两年，连续发布了 ECMAScript 2.0（1998 年 6 月）和 ECMAScript 3.0（1999 年 12 月）。3.0 版是一个巨大的成功，在业界得到广泛支持，成为通行标准，奠定了 JavaScript 语言的基本语法，以后的版本完全继承。直到今天，初学者一开始学习 JavaScript，其实就是在学 3.0 版的语法。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2000 年，ECMAScript 4.0 开始酝酿。这个版本最后没有通过，但是它的大部分内容被 ES6 继承了。因此，ES6 制定的起点其实是 2000 年。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("为什么 ES4 没有通过呢？因为这个版本太激进了，对 ES3 做了彻底升级，导致标准委员会的一些成员不愿意接受。ECMA 的第 39 号技术专家委员会（Technical Committee 39，简称 TC39）负责制订 ECMAScript 标准，成员包括 Microsoft、Mozilla、Google 等大公司。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2007 年 10 月，ECMAScript 4.0 版草案发布，本来预计次年 8 月发布正式版本。但是，各方对于是否通过这个标准，发生了严重分歧。以 Yahoo、Microsoft、Google 为首的大公司，反对 JavaScript 的大幅升级，主张小幅改动；以 JavaScript 创造者 Brendan Eich 为首的 Mozilla 公司，则坚持当前的草案。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2008 年 7 月，由于对于下一个版本应该包括哪些功能，各方分歧太大，争论过于激烈，ECMA 开会决定，中止 ECMAScript 4.0 的开发，将其中涉及现有功能改善的一小部分，发布为 ECMAScript 3.1，而将其他激进的设想扩大范围，放入以后的版本，由于会议的气氛，该版本的项目代号起名为 Harmony（和谐）。会后不久，ECMAScript 3.1 就改名为 ECMAScript 5。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2009 年 12 月，ECMAScript 5.0 版正式发布。Harmony 项目则一分为二，一些较为可行的设想定名为 JavaScript.next 继续开发，后来演变成 ECMAScript 6；一些不是很成熟的设想，则被视为 JavaScript.next.next，在更远的将来再考虑推出。TC39 委员会的总体考虑是，ES5 与 ES3 基本保持兼容，较大的语法修正和新功能加入，将由 JavaScript.next 完成。当时，JavaScript.next 指的是 ES6，第六版发布以后，就指 ES7。TC39 的判断是，ES5 会在 2013 年的年中成为 JavaScript 开发的主流标准，并在此后五年中一直保持这个位置。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2011 年 6 月，ECMAScript 5.1 版发布，并且成为 ISO 国际标准（ISO/IEC 16262:2011）。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2013 年 3 月，ECMAScript 6 草案冻结，不再添加新功能。新的功能设想将被放到 ECMAScript 7。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2013 年 12 月，ECMAScript 6 草案发布。然后是 12 个月的讨论期，听取各方反馈。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2015 年 6 月，ECMAScript 6 正式通过，成为国际标准。从 2000 年算起，这时已经过去了 15 年。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"部署进度"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#部署进度"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 部署进度")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("各大浏览器的最新版本，对 ES6 的支持可以查看"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("kangax.github.io/compat-table/es6/"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v("。随着时间的推移，支持度已经越来越高了，超过 90%的 ES6 语法特性都实现了。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("Node 是 JavaScript 的服务器运行环境（runtime）。它对 ES6 的支持度更高。除了那些默认打开的功能，还有一些语法功能已经实现了，但是默认没有打开。使用下面的命令，可以查看 Node 已经实现的 ES6 特性。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[s._v("// Linux "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("&")]),s._v(" Mac\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("node")]),s._v(" --v8-options "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("grep")]),s._v(" 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[s._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("npm")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("install")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-g")]),s._v(" es-checker\n$ es-checker\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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Babel 转码器")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://babeljs.io/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("Babel"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v(" 是一个广泛使用的 ES6 转码器，可以将 ES6 代码转为 ES5 代码，从而在现有环境执行。这意味着，你可以用 ES6 的方式编写程序，又不用担心现有环境是否支持。下面是一个例子。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 转码前")]),s._v("\ninput"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("map")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter"}},[s._v("item")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=>")]),s._v(" item "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("+")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# 最新转码规则")]),s._v("\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("npm")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("install")]),s._v(" --save-dev @babel/preset-env\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# react 转码规则")]),s._v("\n$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("npm")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("install")]),s._v(" --save-dev @babel/preset-react\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("然后，将这些规则加入"),t("code",[s._v(".babelrc")]),s._v("。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[t("code",[s._v("  "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n    "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string-property property"}},[s._v('"presets"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("\n      "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"@babel/env"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("注意，以下所有 Babel 工具和模块的使用，都必须先写好"),t("code",[s._v(".babelrc")]),s._v("。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"命令行转码"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#命令行转码"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 命令行转码")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("Babel 提供命令行工具"),t("code",[s._v("@babel/cli")]),s._v("，用于命令行转码。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("它的安装命令如下。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[s._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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整个目录转码")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# --out-dir 或 -d 参数指定输出目录")]),s._v("\n$ npx babel src --out-dir lib\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# 或者")]),s._v("\n$ npx babel src "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-d")]),s._v(" lib\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# -s 参数生成source map文件")]),s._v("\n$ npx babel src "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-d")]),s._v(" lib "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-s")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"babel-node"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#babel-node"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 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line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# es6.js 的代码")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# console.log((x => x * 2)(1));")]),s._v("\n$ npx babel-node es6.js\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("2")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"babel-register-模块"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#babel-register-模块"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" @babel/register 模块")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("@babel/register")]),s._v("模块改写"),t("code",[s._v("require")]),s._v("命令，为它加上一个钩子。此后，每当使用"),t("code",[s._v("require")]),s._v("加载"),t("code",[s._v(".js")]),s._v("、"),t("code",[s._v(".jsx")]),s._v("、"),t("code",[s._v(".es")]),s._v("和"),t("code",[s._v(".es6")]),s._v("后缀名的文件，就会先用 Babel 进行转码。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[s._v("$ "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("npm")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("install")]),s._v(" --save-dev @babel/register\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("使用时，必须首先加载"),t("code",[s._v("@babel/register")]),s._v("。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[s._v("// 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