105.72966789.js 376 KB

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"),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"generator-与协程"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#generator-与协程"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Generator 与协程")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("协程(coroutine)是一种程序运行的方式,可以理解成“协作的线程”或“协作的函数”。协程既可以用单线程实现,也可以用多线程实现。前者是一种特殊的子例程,后者是一种特殊的线程。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("(1)协程与子例程的差异")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("传统的“子例程”(subroutine)采用堆栈式“后进先出”的执行方式,只有当调用的子函数完全执行完毕,才会结束执行父函数。协程与其不同,多个线程(单线程情况下,即多个函数)可以并行执行,但是只有一个线程(或函数)处于正在运行的状态,其他线程(或函数)都处于暂停态(suspended),线程(或函数)之间可以交换执行权。也就是说,一个线程(或函数)执行到一半,可以暂停执行,将执行权交给另一个线程(或函数),等到稍后收回执行权的时候,再恢复执行。这种可以并行执行、交换执行权的线程(或函数),就称为协程。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("从实现上看,在内存中,子例程只使用一个栈(stack),而协程是同时存在多个栈,但只有一个栈是在运行状态,也就是说,协程是以多占用内存为代价,实现多任务的并行。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("(2)协程与普通线程的差异")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("不难看出,协程适合用于多任务运行的环境。在这个意义上,它与普通的线程很相似,都有自己的执行上下文、可以分享全局变量。它们的不同之处在于,同一时间可以有多个线程处于运行状态,但是运行的协程只能有一个,其他协程都处于暂停状态。此外,普通的线程是抢先式的,到底哪个线程优先得到资源,必须由运行环境决定,但是协程是合作式的,执行权由协程自己分配。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("由于 JavaScript 是单线程语言,只能保持一个调用栈。引入协程以后,每个任务可以保持自己的调用栈。这样做的最大好处,就是抛出错误的时候,可以找到原始的调用栈。不至于像异步操作的回调函数那样,一旦出错,原始的调用栈早就结束。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("Generator 函数是 ES6 对协程的实现,但属于不完全实现。Generator 函数被称为“半协程”(semi-coroutine),意思是只有 Generator 函数的调用者,才能将程序的执行权还给 Generator 函数。如果是完全执行的协程,任何函数都可以让暂停的协程继续执行。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果将 Generator 函数当作协程,完全可以将多个需要互相协作的任务写成 Generator 函数,它们之间使用"),t("code",[s._v("yield")]),s._v("表达式交换控制权。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"generator-与上下文"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#generator-与上下文"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Generator 与上下文")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("JavaScript 代码运行时,会产生一个全局的上下文环境(context,又称运行环境),包含了当前所有的变量和对象。然后,执行函数(或块级代码)的时候,又会在当前上下文环境的上层,产生一个函数运行的上下文,变成当前(active)的上下文,由此形成一个上下文环境的堆栈(context stack)。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这个堆栈是“后进先出”的数据结构,最后产生的上下文环境首先执行完成,退出堆栈,然后再执行完成它下层的上下文,直至所有代码执行完成,堆栈清空。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("Generator 函数不是这样,它执行产生的上下文环境,一旦遇到"),t("code",[s._v("yield")]),s._v("命令,就会暂时退出堆栈,但是并不消失,里面的所有变量和对象会冻结在当前状态。等到对它执行"),t("code",[s._v("next")]),s._v("命令时,这个上下文环境又会重新加入调用栈,冻结的变量和对象恢复执行。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("function")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("gen")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("yield")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("上面代码中,第一次执行"),t("code",[s._v("g.next()")]),s._v("时,Generator 函数"),t("code",[s._v("gen")]),s._v("的上下文会加入堆栈,即开始运行"),t("code",[s._v("gen")]),s._v("内部的代码。等遇到"),t("code",[s._v("yield 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可以看作是数据结构,更确切地说,可以看作是一个数组结构,因为 Generator 函数可以返回一系列的值,这意味着它可以对任意表达式,提供类似数组的接口。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("function")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("doStuff")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("yield")]),s._v(" fs"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("readFile")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("上面的函数,可以用一模一样的"),t("code",[s._v("for...of")]),s._v("循环处理!两相一比较,就不难看出 Generator 使得数据或者操作,具备了类似数组的接口。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=e.exports}}]);