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- (window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[170],{496:function(s,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var n=a(3),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var s=this,t=s._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":s.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h1",{attrs:{id:"类型推断"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#类型推断"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 类型推断")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这节介绍 TypeScript 里的类型推断。即，类型是在哪里如何被推断的。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"基础"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#基础"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 基础")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("TypeScript 里，在有些没有明确指出类型的地方，类型推断会帮助提供类型。如下面的例子：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-typescript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-typescript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("let")]),s._v(" x "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("3")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("变量 "),t("code",[s._v("x")]),s._v(" 的类型被推断为数字。 这种推断发生在初始化变量和成员，设置默认参数值和决定函数返回值时。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("大多数情况下，类型推断是直截了当地。后面的小节，我们会浏览类型推断时的细微差别。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"最佳通用类型"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#最佳通用类型"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 最佳通用类型")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("有些时候我们需要从几个表达式中推断类型，会使用这些表达式的类型来推断出一个最合适的通用类型。例如，")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-typescript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-typescript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("let")]),s._v(" x "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("null")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("为了推断 "),t("code",[s._v("x")]),s._v(" 的类型，我们必须考虑所有元素的类型。 这里有两种选择："),t("code",[s._v("number")]),s._v(" 和 "),t("code",[s._v("null")]),s._v("。 计算通用类型算法会考虑所有的候选类型，并给出一个兼容所有候选类型的类型。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("由于最终的通用类型取自候选类型，有些时候候选类型共享一个公共结构，但是却没有一个类型能做为所有候选类型的超级类型。例如：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-typescript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-typescript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Animal")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n numLegs"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[s._v("number")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Bee")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("extends")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Animal")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Lion")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("extends")]),s._v(" 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"),t("code",[s._v("Animal")]),s._v(" 类型的，因此不能推断出这个结果。 为了更正，我们可以明确的声明我们期望的类型：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-typescript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-typescript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("let")]),s._v(" zoo"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" Animal"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("new")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Bee")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("new")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Lion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("如果没有找到最佳通用类型的话，类型推断的结果为联合数组类型，"),t("code",[s._v("(Bee | Lion)[]")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"上下文类型"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#上下文类型"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 上下文类型")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("有些时候，TypeScript 类型推断会按另外一种方式，我们称作“上下文类型”；上下文类型的出现和表达式的类型以及所处的位置相关。比如：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-typescript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-typescript"}},[t("code",[s._v("window"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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Error")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这个例子会得到一个类型错误，TypeScript 类型检查器使用 "),t("code",[s._v("window.onmousedown")]),s._v(" 函数的类型来推断右边函数表达式的类型。 因此，就能推断出 "),t("code",[s._v("mouseEvent")]),s._v(" 参数的类型了，所以 "),t("code",[s._v("mouseEvent")]),s._v(" 访问了一个不存在的属性，就报错了。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果上下文类型表达式包含了明确的类型信息，上下文的类型被忽略。重写上面的例子：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-typescript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-typescript"}},[t("code",[s._v("window"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[s._v("onmousedown")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("function")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("mouseEvent"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[s._v("any")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[s._v("console")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("log")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("mouseEvent"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("clickTime"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// OK")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这个函数表达式有明确的参数类型注解，上下文类型被忽略。这样的话就不报错了，因为这里不会使用到上下文类型。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("上下文类型会在很多情况下使用到。通常包含函数的参数，赋值表达式的右边，类型断言，对象成员，数组字面量和返回值语句。上下文类型也会做为最佳通用类型的候选类型。比如：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-typescript line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-typescript"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("function")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("createZoo")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" Animal"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("new")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Bee")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("new")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Lion")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("let")]),s._v(" zoo "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("createZoo")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这个例子里，最佳通用类型有 "),t("code",[s._v("3")]),s._v(" 个候选者："),t("code",[s._v("Animal")]),s._v("，"),t("code",[s._v("Bee")]),s._v(" 和 "),t("code",[s._v("Lion")]),s._v("。 其中，"),t("code",[s._v("Animal")]),s._v(" 会被做为最佳通用类型。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=e.exports}}]);
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