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href="/blog/pages/718b48ed9ce0adce/" class="sidebar-link">Generator 函数的语法</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/75af7031eb66847b/" class="sidebar-link">Generator 函数的异步应用</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/3777253e65bac487/" class="sidebar-link">async 函数</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/e831e1593c82bbe0/" class="sidebar-link">Class 的基本语法</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/83f8c3a0cd87dd83/" class="sidebar-link">Class 的继承</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/efe2fb04eb8ac5fb/" class="sidebar-link">Module 的语法</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/a79ca2e64ceae213/" class="sidebar-link">Module 的加载实现</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/984bf549204bb266/" class="sidebar-link">编程风格</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/32c35f7651d6e58e/" class="sidebar-link">读懂 ECMAScript 规格</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/16121351be68691b/" class="sidebar-link">异步遍历器</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/a2ba314746bfdbdd/" class="sidebar-link">ArrayBuffer</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/7188882b8d65af1b/" class="sidebar-link">最新提案</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/e97bc1e5626b082c/" class="sidebar-link">装饰器</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/1cf50330655efc69/" class="sidebar-link">函数式编程</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/6a8e2dc558da1b39/" aria-current="page" class="active sidebar-link">Mixin</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/blog/pages/6a8e2dc558da1b39/#含义" class="sidebar-link">含义</a></li><li class="sidebar-sub-header level2"><a href="/blog/pages/6a8e2dc558da1b39/#trait" class="sidebar-link">Trait</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/8e8f80f69b775a56/" class="sidebar-link">SIMD</a></li><li><a href="/blog/pages/ea6f3b870f6dab69/" class="sidebar-link">参考链接</a></li></ul> </aside> <div><main class="page"><div class="theme-vdoing-wrapper "><div class="articleInfo-wrap" data-v-06970110><div class="articleInfo" data-v-06970110><ul class="breadcrumbs" data-v-06970110><li data-v-06970110><a href="/blog/" title="首页" class="iconfont icon-home router-link-active" data-v-06970110></a></li> <li data-v-06970110><a href="/blog/note/es6/#《ES6 教程》笔记" data-v-06970110>《ES6 教程》笔记</a></li></ul> <div class="info" data-v-06970110><div title="作者" class="author iconfont icon-touxiang" data-v-06970110><a href="javascript:;" data-v-06970110>阮一峰</a></div> <div title="创建时间" class="date iconfont icon-riqi" data-v-06970110><a href="javascript:;" data-v-06970110>2020-02-09</a></div> <!----></div></div></div> <!----> <div class="content-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-margin"><div class="right-menu-title">目录</div> <div class="right-menu-content"></div></div></div> <h1><img src="data:image/png;base64,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">Mixin<!----></h1>  <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><h1 id="mixin"><a href="#mixin" class="header-anchor">#</a> Mixin</h1> <p>JavaScript 语言的设计是单一继承，即子类只能继承一个父类，不允许继承多个父类。这种设计保证了对象继承的层次结构是树状的，而不是复杂的<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance#The_diamond_problem" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">网状结构<span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></a>。

但是，这大大降低了编程的灵活性。因为实际开发中，有时不可避免，子类需要继承多个父类。举例来说，“猫”可以继承“哺乳类动物”，也可以继承“宠物”。</p> <p>各种单一继承的编程语言，有不同的多重继承解决方案。比如，Java 语言也是子类只能继承一个父类，但是还允许继承多个界面（interface），这样就间接实现了多重继承。Interface 与父类一样，也是一个类，只不过它只定义接口（method signature），不定义实现，因此又被称为“抽象类”。凡是继承于 Interface 的方法，都必须自己定义实现，否则就会报错。这样就避免了多重继承的最大问题：多个父类的同名方法的碰撞（naming collision）。</p> <p>JavaScript 语言没有采用 Interface 的方案，而是通过代理（delegation）实现了从其他类引入方法。</p> <div class="language-javascript line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-javascript"><code><span class="token keyword">var</span> <span class="token function-variable function">Enumerable_first</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function-variable function">first</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">var</span> list <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token string">&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;bar&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;baz&quot;</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token function">Enumerable_first</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">call</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>list<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment">// explicit delegation</span>
list<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">first</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// &quot;foo&quot;</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div><p>上面代码中，<code>list</code>是一个数组，本身并没有<code>first</code>方法。通过<code>call</code>方法，可以把<code>Enumerable_first</code>里面的方法，绑定到<code>list</code>，从而<code>list</code>就具有<code>first</code>方法。这就叫做“代理”（delegation），<code>list</code>对象代理了<code>Enumerable_first</code>的<code>first</code>方法。</p> <h2 id="含义"><a href="#含义" class="header-anchor">#</a> 含义</h2> <p>Mixin 这个名字来自于冰淇淋，在基本口味的冰淇淋上面混入其他口味，这就叫做 Mix-in。</p> <p>它允许向一个类里面注入一些代码，使得一个类的功能能够“混入”另一个类。实质上是多重继承的一种解决方案，但是避免了多重继承的复杂性，而且有利于代码复用。</p> <p>Mixin 就是一个正常的类，不仅定义了接口，还定义了接口的实现。</p> <p>子类通过在<code>this</code>对象上面绑定方法，达到多重继承的目的。</p> <p>很多库提供了 Mixin 功能。下面以 Lodash 为例。</p> <div class="language-javascript line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-javascript"><code><span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">vowels</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">string</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token regex"><span class="token regex-delimiter">/</span><span class="token regex-source language-regex">[aeiou]</span><span class="token regex-delimiter">/</span><span class="token regex-flags">i</span></span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">test</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>value<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">var</span> obj <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token literal-property property">value</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">'hello'</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
_<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">mixin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>obj<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token literal-property property">vowels</span><span class="token operator">:</span> vowels<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
obj<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">vowels</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// true</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><p>上面代码通过 Lodash 库的<code>_.mixin</code>方法，让<code>obj</code>对象继承了<code>vowels</code>方法。</p> <p>Underscore 的类似方法是<code>_.extend</code>。</p> <div class="language-javascript line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-javascript"><code><span class="token keyword">var</span> <span class="token function-variable function">Person</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">fName<span class="token punctuation">,</span> lName</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>firstName <span class="token operator">=</span> fName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>lastName <span class="token operator">=</span> lName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">var</span> sam <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Person</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Sam'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'Lowry'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">var</span> NameMixin <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token function-variable function">fullName</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>firstName <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">' '</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>lastName<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
  <span class="token function-variable function">rename</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">first<span class="token punctuation">,</span> last</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>firstName <span class="token operator">=</span> first<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>lastName <span class="token operator">=</span> last<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
_<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">extend</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name">Person</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>prototype<span class="token punctuation">,</span> NameMixin<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
sam<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">rename</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'Samwise'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'Gamgee'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
sam<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">fullName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment">// &quot;Samwise Gamgee&quot;</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br></div></div><p>上面代码通过<code>_.extend</code>方法，在<code>sam</code>对象上面（准确说是它的原型对象<code>Person.prototype</code>上面），混入了<code>NameMixin</code>类。</p> <p><code>extend</code>方法的实现非常简单。</p> <div class="language-javascript line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-javascript"><code><span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">extend</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token parameter">destination<span class="token punctuation">,</span> source</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
  <span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">var</span> k <span class="token keyword">in</span> source<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>source<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">hasOwnProperty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>k<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
      destination<span class="token punctuation">[</span>k<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> source<span class="token punctuation">[</span>k<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
  <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
  <span class="token keyword">return</span> destination<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br></div></div><p>上面代码将<code>source</code>对象的所有方法，添加到<code>destination</code>对象。</p> <h2 id="trait"><a href="#trait" class="header-anchor">#</a> Trait</h2> <p>Trait 是另外一种多重继承的解决方案。它与 Mixin 很相似，但是有一些细微的差别。</p> <ul><li>Mixin 可以包含状态（state），Trait 不包含，即 Trait 里面的方法都是互不相干，可以线性包含的。比如，<code>Trait1</code>包含方法<code>A</code>和<code>B</code>，<code>Trait2</code>继承了<code>Trait1</code>，同时还包含一个自己的方法<code>C</code>，实际上就等同于直接包含方法<code>A</code>、<code>B</code>、<code>C</code>。</li> <li>对于同名方法的碰撞，Mixin 包含了解决规则，Trait 则是报错。</li></ul></div></div>  <div class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/heBody/blog/edit/master/docs/《ES6 教程》笔记/32.Mixin.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">编辑</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <div class="tags"><a href="/blog/tags/?tag=ES6" title="标签">#ES6</a></div> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">2022/12/14, 19:36:42</span></div></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><div class="page-nav-centre-wrap"><a href="/blog/pages/1cf50330655efc69/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-prev"><div class="tooltip">函数式编程</div></a> <a href="/blog/pages/8e8f80f69b775a56/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-next"><div class="tooltip">SIMD</div></a></div> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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