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class="articleInfo-wrap" data-v-06970110><div class="articleInfo" data-v-06970110><ul class="breadcrumbs" data-v-06970110><li data-v-06970110><a href="/blog/" title="首页" class="iconfont icon-home router-link-active" data-v-06970110></a></li> <li data-v-06970110><a href="/blog/more/#更多" data-v-06970110>更多</a></li><li data-v-06970110><a href="/blog/more/#学习" data-v-06970110>学习</a></li></ul> <div class="info" data-v-06970110><div title="作者" class="author iconfont icon-touxiang" data-v-06970110><a href="https://github.com/heBody" target="_blank" title="作者" class="beLink" data-v-06970110>heBody</a></div> <div title="创建时间" class="date iconfont icon-riqi" data-v-06970110><a href="javascript:;" data-v-06970110>2020-01-04</a></div> <!----></div></div></div> <!----> <div class="content-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-wrapper"><div class="right-menu-margin"><div class="right-menu-title">目录</div> <div class="right-menu-content"></div></div></div> <h1><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB4AAAAeCAYAAAA7MK6iAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAABGpJREFUSA3tVVtoXFUU3fvOI53UlmCaKIFmwEhsE7QK0ipFEdHEKpXaZGrp15SINsXUWvBDpBgQRKi0+KKoFeJHfZA+ED9KKoIU2gYD9UejTW4rVIzm0VSTziPzuNu1z507dibTTjL4U/DAzLn3nL3X2o91ziX6f9wMFdh6Jvbm9nNSV0msViVO6tN1Rm7NMu2OpeJ9lWBUTDxrJbYTS0hInuwciu9eLHlFxCLCZEk3MegsJmZ5K/JD6t7FkFdEvGUo1g7qJoG3MHImqRIn8/nzY1K9UPKKiJmtnUqHVE3Gbuay6vJE/N2FEmuxFjW2nUuE0yQXRRxLiTUAzs36zhZvOXJPdX850EVnnLZkB8prodQoM5JGj7Xk2mvC7JB8tG04Ef5PiXtG0UtxupRQSfTnBoCy554x18yJHI6I+G5Eru4LHmPJZEQsrvPUbMiA8G/WgMK7w7I+ez7++o2ANfbrjvaOl1tFMs+htG3IrZH9/hDX1Pr8Tc0UvH8tcX29KzAgIGcEkINyW5BF9x891hw6VYqgJHEk0huccS7vh3C6gTiODL+26huuBtbct8eZnqLML8PkxGYpuPZBqtqwkSjgc4mB5gbgig5i+y0UDK35LMxXisn9xQtK+nd26gTIHsHe/oblK/b29fUmN/8Y+9jAQrnBp56m1LcDlDp9irKTExSKduXJVWSqdBMA08pEJnEIOB3FPPMybu/oeV8zFeYN3xx576Q6RH+VmplE4ncQV5v+5rzSoyOU7PuEAg8g803PwBJ0CExno/jcMbN8tONYeOmHiuUNryvm3fRUy4tMPVLdAGkUhNWuggGrJcXPv+ouCjz0MKUHz1J2/E8IC9nqTabcxgaBYM0hPhD5Y65FsbxRQKxCQrDjDctW7PUM3HuZunFyifSAqEfuzCp48Il24luWUWZoyJCaPR82jE0+kFA643wRFVni4RYSq3ohJO2pZ7B5dO4xkDWbEpossJPLSrPjYID8rS2UHTlvyNxqIGsg674XJJ7vnh5L7PNwC4hh2sjCI96mzszOTpxLF0T7l88Yz7lAuK6OnL8gXLOnTvpzSb22YG8W7us3jSebFHeeqnXRG1vt+MoUM84LQIBmMsCTAcOauTh0T0l0neQK7m2bLMt2mGxU3HYssS0J2cdv5wljlPsrIuZLAG/2DOZIXgCYT8uMGZN+e2kSirfxZOPCsC0f24nTZzspnVn9VePS1Z5vubmAGGXG8ZFno9Hel0yfA5ZPhF7Dh972BQJ2qCpgH67lmWtBYbvk6sz02wjky2vXyz0XErP/kFB619js1BtwfOV4OPRqOQBjy3Qbk18vigUPPSD5ceHnwck7W9bhAqZdd7SuG7w4/P2F/GaJh8c7e9qgow+Q7cGBo+98WsLkuktFqiZabtXuQTu/Y5ETbR0v7tNSFnvrmu6pjdoan2KjMu8q/Hmj1EfCO2ZGfEIbIXKUlw8qaX9/b2oeSJmFksSeT/Fn0V3nSypChh4Gjh74ybO9aeZ/AN2dwciu2/MhAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC">提高学习效率的策略<!----></h1> <div class="theme-vdoing-content content__default"><h1 id="提高学习效率的策略"><a href="#提高学习效率的策略" class="header-anchor">#</a> 提高学习效率的策略</h1> <p>推荐一本关于学习方法的书《认知天性》，里面有讲到有一些简单实用的学习策略，能让大家学的更好、记得更牢，而且这些策略人人可用，时时可用。这些方法包括各种形式的<strong>检索练习</strong>——例如小的测试和自测，<strong>间隔练习</strong>、<strong>穿插</strong>不同但相关科目或技能的练习（<strong>多样化练习</strong>），在别人教给你解决方案前自己先试着解决问题，从不同类型问题中提取基本原理和规则。由于学习是反复的过程，需要复习早先学过的东西，持续更新已知，并把它们和新知识联系起来。</p> <h3 id="检索式学习"><a href="#检索式学习" class="header-anchor">#</a> 检索式学习</h3> <p>练习从记忆中检索新知识或新技能是有效的学习工具，也是保持长久记忆的有力武器。但凡需要大脑记忆、需要在将来回忆的东西，都可以用到它——对于事实、复杂的概念、解决问题的技巧、运动技能来说都适用。</p> <p>那么到底什么是检索式学习呢？说说我理解的检索式学习：在脑中检索知识，比如课后的一个小测试、对某个知识点用笔默写出来，甚至去参加面试，等等，都可以理解为检索式学习。</p> <p>努力检索有助于人们获得更好的学习效果，产生更持久的记忆。我们很容易相信，学东西时越轻松，学习效果越好，但研究表明，事实恰恰相反。只有当头脑被迫工作时，才会将所学的东西记得更牢靠。在检索时所付出的努力越大——只要真正做到这一点检索就会更好地强化你的所学。在第一次检测后，推迟后续检索练习要比立即练习更能强化记忆，因为延迟后再检索需要会费更大力气。</p> <p>反复检索不仅能让记忆更持久，还能让知识在更多变的环境中更容易被检索，而且可以解决更多的问题。</p> <h3 id="频繁的集中练习只会产生短期记忆"><a href="#频繁的集中练习只会产生短期记忆" class="header-anchor">#</a> 频繁的集中练习只会产生短期记忆</h3> <p>人们顽固地相信，自己把心思放在一件事上，拼命重复就能学得更好，认为这些观点经受住了时间的考验，而且“练习，练习，再练习”的明显收效再次证明了这种方法的好处。但是，科学家们把习得技能阶段的这种成绩称为“暂时的优势”，并把它同“潜在的习惯优势”区分开来。形成习惯优势有种种技巧，例如有间隔的练习、有穿插内容的练习，以及多样化练习，这些技巧恰恰会放缓有明显成果的学习进程，它们不会在练习中提高我们的表现。我们从表面上看不到成绩提高，也就没有付出努力的动力（大多数人的学习心理就是这样，在看不到成果的时候容易失去动力）。填鸭式练习是集中练习的一种形式，它一直被比作贪食症——吃得不少，但没过多久基本上都吐出来了。</p> <h3 id="间隔练习使知识存储更牢固"><a href="#间隔练习使知识存储更牢固" class="header-anchor">#</a> 间隔练习使知识存储更牢固</h3> <p>把学习与练习间隔开来分期进行，让两者之间隔上一定时间，这样做就能让学习成果更加显著、记忆更加牢固，能有效地形成习惯优势。<strong>间隔多长时间才够？答案很简单：从最低限度上说，间隔的时间足够出现一点儿遗忘就对了</strong>。练习环节中间出现一点儿遗忘是好事，只要它能让人更加努力地练习就行。话说回来，你肯定不愿意忘掉太多东西，以至于检索最终变成了对资料的重新学习。间隔一段时间再练习能巩固记忆。睡眠似乎在巩固记忆的工作中扮演了重要角色，所以在两次练习间至少间隔一天应该是不错的做法。
- 要当心熟悉这个陷阱：你感觉自己明白了某样东西，觉得不再需要练习了。如果想走捷径，这种熟悉会让你在自测时受伤。道格拉斯·拉尔森说：“你必须自觉地说，好吧，我要强迫自己把这些全想起来，要是我想不起来，那我是忘掉了什么，我怎，么会不知道那个呢?’如果是教师出题测验，那就一下子变成你</p> <h3 id="穿插练习有助于长期记忆"><a href="#穿插练习有助于长期记忆" class="header-anchor">#</a> 穿插练习有助于长期记忆</h3> <p>穿插练习两样或更多的内容同样也提供了一种间隔。穿插内容练习有助于发展人们辨识不同问题的能力，也是在培养人们从不断增加的解决方案中寻找合适工具的能力。进行穿插内容练习，不能是完成一个科目的全部练习再跳到下一个科目。你需要在每个科目的练习完成前就跳到下一个科目。我们的一个朋友这样描述自己的经历，“我去上了一堂冰球课，学习滑冰、控球、射门。滑冰练习还没进行多长时间，自己刚刚有点儿上手的感觉，教练就转到控球练习上了，这让我感到非常沮丧。灰心地到家后，我说，‘为什么教练不让我们一次把技能练好呢？”其实他是遇上了少有的好教练。这位教练懂得分散精力练习不同技能要比下力气一次掌握一件事更有效果。球员感到沮丧是因为并没有在短时间内看到成果，但到下一周，无论是滑冰、控球，还是其他内容，他都会获得全面进步，效果会好于每次只专心练习一项技能。</p> <h3 id="多样化练习促进知识的活学活用"><a href="#多样化练习促进知识的活学活用" class="header-anchor">#</a> 多样化练习促进知识的活学活用</h3> <p>与穿插内容练习一样，多样化练习有助于学习者树立更开阔的心理模式。这是一种能力，掌握它的人可以评估不断变化的条件，并调整应对方式进行适应。可以说，穿插内容练习与多样化练习有助于学习者超越暂时性记忆，步入更高层次的概念性学习，并把它们应用到实际情景中，从而获得更全面、更深刻、更持久的学习效果。这些学习成果在运动技能中就表现为潜在的习惯优势。</p> <h3 id="小总结"><a href="#小总结" class="header-anchor">#</a> 小总结</h3> <p>有间隔、有内容穿插出现，以及内容多样化，其实就是我们生活的本来面貌。程序员每开发一个项目，都是一次测验，也是一次检索练习的锻炼。每次常规的拦车检查对于警察来说都是一次测验，而且每次检查都不一样，这会加强警察的外显记忆与内隐记忆。只要他上心，今后的工作就会更有效率。人们常说的一句话是“从经验中学习”。有些人似乎从来不学习，学与不学的一个区别可能就在于，人们是否培养了反思（总结）的习惯。反思（总结）是检索练习的一种形式（发生了什么？我是怎么做的？怎样才能有用？），而且辅以细化加强（下次我要采取别的什么方法？）</p> <h3 id="知识的-滚雪球-效应"><a href="#知识的-滚雪球-效应" class="header-anchor">#</a> 知识的“滚雪球”效应</h3> <p>学习的过程至少可以分成三步：最开始是对短期工作记忆中信息的<strong>编码</strong>。这时信息还没有被巩固成长期记忆中坚实的知识表征。<strong>巩固</strong>会辨识并稳定记忆线索，赋予其含义，把它们与过去的经验以及长期记忆中已经存储下来的其他知识联系起来。<strong>检索</strong>会更新所学的东西，并让你做到学以致用。</p> <p>学习总是建立在已知基础之上。我们是通过与已知建立联系这种方式来解读事件和记忆事件的。</p> <p>长期记忆的容量基本上是无限的。你知道得越多，就越有可能为新知识建立联系。</p> <p>由于长期记忆的容量颇大，所以关键是要有一种能力，让你在需要的时候锁定并回忆已知。回忆所学知识的难易程度取决于对信息的重复使用（保持检索路径不会被忘却），也取决于你是否建立起了强大的检索线索，因为它能重新激活你的记忆。</p> <p>阶段性地检索所学，有助于强化记忆间的联系，也能强化回忆知识的线索，同时还能弱化连通冲突记忆的路径。检索练习若是没什么难度，那就不能强化所学的知识；练习难度越大，收效才越大。</p> <p>当你从短期记忆中回忆所学时，例如快速频繁地进行练习，是不需要花什么心思的，也不会有长期性的收效。但当你过一段时间再回忆时，当你对所学的东西有些遗忘时，你就不得不努力重建这一切。这种耗费心力的检索既能强化记忆，又能让所学再次具有可塑性，引发对所学知识的再巩固。再巩固可以用新信息更新你的记忆，同时可以将它们与最近学到的东西联系起来。</p> <p>重复进行费力的回忆或是练习，有助于把所学的知识整合成心智模型。在心智模型中，一套彼此相关的概念或一系列运动技能被融会贯通，形成一个有意义的整体。它能适应随后的各种环境，并发挥作用。开车时的感知和操控就是一个例子。在面对弧线球时知道如何打出全垒打也是同一个道理。</p> <p>练习的条件如果发生了变化，或是在检索中穿插安排了对其他资料的练习，我们就能强化自己的辨析与归纳能力，凭借全面发展，我们还能把所学的知识用在以后的新环境中。穿插与多样化建立了新的联系，拓展并进一步深化了记忆中的知识，同时增加了检索线索的数量。、</p> <p>试着自己想出答案，而不是坐等别人给你答案，或是在拿到解决方案前自行尝试解决一个问题，会产生更好的学习效果，也能让你把正确的答案或解决方案记得更持久。即便有时你会犯错，只要有纠正性反馈就没问题。</p> <p>——以上内容摘自《认知天性》，结合本人的个人理解，更多内容请查看该书籍。</p> <p><img src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/xugaoyi/image_store/blog/20200103144032.png" alt="认知天性" title="认知天性"></p></div></div> <div class="page-edit"><div class="edit-link"><a href="https://github.com/heBody/blog/edit/master/docs/04.更多/01.学习/02.提高学习效率的策略.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">编辑</a> <span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg> <span class="sr-only">(opens new window)</span></span></div> <!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">2022/12/15, 12:09:39</span></div></div> <div class="page-nav-wapper"><div class="page-nav-centre-wrap"><a href="/blog/pages/e60c81/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-prev"><div class="tooltip">笔记方法</div></a> <a href="/blog/pages/996822b2a2ca6e3b/" class="page-nav-centre page-nav-centre-next"><div class="tooltip">提高记忆的技巧</div></a></div> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev">
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